Reas (Granata et al., 2014; Pr ost et al., 2015). Inside the human adrenal gland, the QRFP receptor is exclusively expressed throughout embryogenesis inside the fetal zone but not within the zona glomerulosa or adrenal medulla, whereas in the adult human adrenal gland, QRFP receptor mRNA is present in all 3 zones from the cortex. Inside the rat adrenal gland, the medulla is devoid of QRFP receptor mRNA (Ramanjaneya et al., 2013).British Journal of Pharmacology (2017) 174 3573607BJPJ Leprince et al.QRFP receptor knockoutSo far, only QRFP receptor 1 knockout animals have already been reported within the literature. QRFP receptor 1 knockout mice on a C57Bl6/J background endure from kyphosis and display osteopenia (Baribault et al., 2006). This phenotype is more frequent in females than males (80 vs. 10 respectively) and is enhanced by ovariectomy. Detailed analysis working with microcomputed tomography reveals a decrease in trabecular bone density inside the spine in each sexes. The reduction in bone density is a lot more pronounced in female than male knockout mice using a thinning of the osteochondral growth plate. In contrast, no proof for calcium, phosphate, vitamin D or parathyroid hormone modifications is often detected in the knockout mice. Despite this phenotype, knockout mice seem to develop usually and no distinction in physique weight was reported (Baribault et al., 2006). Interestingly, SAMP6 osteopenic mice show a singlenucleotide polymorphism (SNP) inside the promoter region and three SNPs, such as 1 silent SNP, within the coding region of the QRFP prepropeptide, upstream the sequence of QRFP (Zhang et al., 2007). In these mice, QRFP expression is reduced inside the lumbar spine and in the hypothalamus, suggesting that the SNP in the promoter region in the gene final results in generation of a putative repressive transcription aspect binding web page (Zhang et al., 2007). In human, three SNPs inside the QRFP receptor gene show considerable association with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis within the Japanese (Ban et al., 2016) and Caucasian (Tomer et al., 2015) populations.QRFP receptors in tumour cellsQRFP receptor transcript is detected within the androgenunresponsive prostate cancer cell line DU145 but not inside the androgen-unresponsive PC3 cell line and in the androgenresponsive LNCaP cell line (Alonzeau et al., 2013). The human adrenal corticocarcinoma cell line H295R also SHP-2 Proteins Molecular Weight expresses QRFP receptor mRNA (Ramanjaneya et al., 2013).Biological and pharmacological effects of QFRP peptidesEffects of QRFP peptides on the CNSCentral regulation of feeding behaviour by QRFP peptides. The observation that the QRFP precursor is mostly expressed in hypothalamic nuclei involved within the control of power homeostasis, such as the ARC, PVN, VMH and LHyp (Chartrel et al., 2003; Fukusumi et al., 2003; Bruzzone et al., 2006; Kampe et al., 2006; Takayasu et al., 2006), has led researchers to investigate the possible impact of 26RFa/QRFP on meals intake. The earliest report around the action of 26RFa/QRFP on feeding behaviour revealed that i.c.v. administration of 26RFa in food-restricted mice causes a dose-dependent boost in chow consumption (Chartrel et al., 2003). Various studies have supported this initial observation and expanded the original findings by investigating the effects of 26RFa/QRFP on meals intake in fully satiated mice and following chronic administration of 26RFa/QRFP (Do Rego et al., 2006; Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme E2 G1 Proteins medchemexpress Moriya et al., 2006; Takayasu et al., 2006). Notably, chronic administration of3596 British Journal of Pharmacology (2017) 174.