YTamar et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI ten.7717/peerj.2/Figure 1 Distribution map of Rhynchocalamus. Localities in the material analysed within this study, which includes type localities (star), samples utilised for the genetic analyses (circle), specimen vouchers for the morphological examinations (diamond) and photographic material (square). Numbers correspond to samples listed in Table S1 and colours to specimens in Fig. two and Figs. S1 four. Taxon names correspond to adjustments proposed within this paper. Spatial information modified from many sources (IUCN-http://www.iucnredlist.org; Bar Haimovitch, 2013; Sindaco, Venchi Grieco, 2013).are also recognized from arid and stony steppes, sparsely vegetated rocky slopes and wadis (Disi et al., 2001; Baha El Din, 2006; Amr Disi, 2011; Bar Haimovitch, 2013; Werner, 2016). The genus is currently comprised of three identified species (Uetz Hosek, 2016): (i) R. arabicus Schmidt, 1933 (Holotype FMNH18219; Sort locality: Aden, Yemen) is only identified from two specimens separated by additional than 1,000 km, and each are positioned more than two,000 km in the nearest recognized localities in the other species of your genus. The holotype was collected in Aden, southern Yemen, in 1933. The second specimen was found 80 years later within the Dhofar Governorate, Oman, and released just after being sampled for DNA research (Sm et al., 2015). (ii) R. melanocephalus (Jan, 1862) (Lectotype MNHG1246.77 designated by Wallach, Williams Boundy (2014); Kind locality: Beirut, Lebanon) was initially described as Homalosoma melanocephalum Jan, 1862 and is definitely the most widespread and bestknown species with the genus. This Levantine species ranges in the southern Sinai Peninsula by means of Israel, western Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria to southern Turkey (Franzen Bischoff, 1995; Disi et al., 2001; Baha El Din, 2006; Avci et al., 2007; Avci et al., 2008; Gasperetti, 1988; Bar Haimovitch, 2013; Sindaco, Venchi Grieco, 2013; Werner, 2016). The previously recognized holotype by G ther (1864) from Merom in Israel (specimen BMNH1946.1.three.29) is invalid as G ther’s assignment and name is usually a synonym of Jan (1862) description.Tamar et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.3/Figure two Phylogenetic relationships within Rhynchocalamus. (A) Maximum likelihood gene tree inferred from the concatenated dataset from the mitochondrial (12S, 16S, cytb) and nuclear (c-mos) gene fragments (dataset 3). Help values close to the nodes indicate bootstrap and posterior probability (values 70 / 0.95, respectively). (continued on next page. . . )Tamar et al. (2016), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.4/Figure two (…continued) Age estimates according to external calibration points of Hemorrhois and Hierophis subgroups (see `Materials and Methods’) are indicated near the relevant nodes and contain the imply and, between LOXO-101 (sulfate) site parentheses, the 95 highest posterior densities (HPD) self-confidence interval. (B) Haplotype network on the c-mos nuclear marker. Circle size is proportional towards the number of alleles. Sample codes and colours correlate to specimens in Table S1 and in Fig. 1 and Figs. S1 four. Taxon names correspond to alterations proposed within this paper.(iii) PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008976 R. satunini (Nikolsky, 1899) (Holotype ZISP9343; Type locality: vicinity of Megri, Armenia) was initially described as Contia satunini Nikolsky, 1899, and later assigned as a subspecies of Oligodon melanocephalus (Chernov, 1937) or of R. melanocephalus (Darevsky, 1970), or as a complete species Rhynchocalamus satunini (Reed Marx, 1959). Not too long ago Avci et al. (2015) confirmed its spec.