Bited in CDCA mice fed an HFD. With regard to CDCA, each glycine-conjugated and that the production were substantially Sulfinpyrazone Inhibitor decreased in HFD-fed mice (Figure 4A,B), suggesting-deconjugated CDCA were substantially decreased in HFD-fed mice (Figure 4A,B), suggesting that amongst of GCDCA itself is decreased in these mice. When analyzing the correlationthe production of GCDCA itself is decreased in these mice. When analyzing the had been negatively TCA and CA in the small-intestinal contents, the levels of TCA and CA correlation amongst TCA and CA inside the small-intestinal contents, the levels of TCA and CA were correlated (Figure 4C; p 0.05). Furthermore, we evaluated the levels of secondary bile negatively correlated (Figure 4C; p 0.05). Furthermore, we evaluated the levels of secacids within the small-intestinal contents. All of theAll of your 3 secondary bile acids, LCA three secondary bile acids, DCA, ondary bile acids in the small-intestinal contents. andDCA, LCAwereUDCA, had been substantially decreasedHFD-fed mice mice relative the controls UDCA, and significantly decreased in the inside the HFD-fed relative to for the (Figure 4D). controls (Figure 4D).Figure 4. Effect of a HFD HFD on concentrations of bile acidsin the small-intestinal contents. (A) (A) Conjugated main bile acids. Figure four. Impact of a on concentrations of bile acids inside the small-intestinal contents. Conjugated principal bile acids. (B) Deconjugated key bile acids. Correlation among TCA and CA. p 0.05 C2 Ceramide In Vivo linear regression evaluation. (D) (B) Deconjugated key bile acids. (C)(C) Correlationbetween TCA and CA. p 0.05 by by linear regression analysis. (D) Secondary bile Final results are are expressed because the imply SD. p 0.05; p 0.01 handle group. Cont, handle (n = five); Secondary bile acids. acids. Resultsexpressed as the imply SD. p 0.05; p 0.01 vs. vs. control group. Cont, control (n = five); HFD, high-fat diet regime (n = 5). HFD, high-fat eating plan (n = five).Cells 2021, ten, x FOR Cells 2021, 10, 3168 PEER REVIEW98 of 143.five. Impact of a High-Fat Diet program on Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides, Cytokines and LPS within the 3.5. Effect of a High-Fat Diet on Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides, Cytokines and LPS within the Small Intestine Tiny Intestine We investigated the luminal atmosphere in terms of inflammation-associated molWe investigated the luminal atmosphere with regards to inflammation-associated molecules. ecules. The expression of anti-microbial peptides for example cryptdinsignificantly decreased The expression of anti-microbial peptides such as cryptdin four was 4 was significantly decreased in the of HFD-fed mice (Figure (Figure 5). On the other hand, lysozyme expresin the jejunum jejunum of HFD-fed mice5). However, lysozyme expression was sion was decreased inside the these mice. Interestingly, the expression of Reg III / / decreased in the ileum of ileum of those mice. Interestingly, the expression of Reg IIIwas was drastically suppressed jejunum of HFD-fed mice relative towards the controls (p 0.001). drastically suppressed in thein the jejunum of HFD-fed mice relative for the controls (p 0.001). As shown 5B, the immunoreactivity of lysozymes was localized localized at PanAs shown in Figurein Figure 5B, the immunoreactivity of lysozymes was at Paneth cells in eth cells intestine and its intensity was apparently apparently decreased mice. the smallin the little intestine and its intensity was decreased in HFD-fed in HFD-fed mice.Figure 5. (A) Effect of aa HFD on mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptidesmouse.