Nd unsustainable. EE practices need to be socially acceptable and it needs shifts in social norms of rice farmers. In a lot of countries exactly where pesticides are being marketed as “fast moving customer goods” (FMCG) it can be a large challenge to shift farmers’ loss-averse attitudes. Reforms in pesticide promoting policies are required. An entertainment education Television series was able to reach wider audience to enhance farmers’ ecological literacy, shifting beliefs and practices. To sustain adoption of ecologically based practices organizational structures, incentives systems and communication techniques to assistance the new norms and practices are needed. Keywords and phrases: ecological engineering; entertainment-education; adoption; sustainability; rice insect pest management; rice farmers; pesticide promoting; policy reform; ecosystem services1. Introduction Rice is the staple meals for the largest quantity of people today on Earth [1]. In Asia rice is grown on greater than 200 million tiny holder farms, creating more than 600 million tons annually. Insects have lengthy been perceived to become constraints to rice production citing annual losses of amongst 11 to 14 [2]. Even so, recent study has shown that even though the rice ecosystem has abundance of insects, only a couple of species are of economic value. A big proportion of the quite a few are effective organic enemies. Insect control utilizing insecticides has in reality been shown to provide tiny or no productivity gains for α-cedrene Epigenetics farmers [3]. Resistant varieties have already been created [4] however they were seldom adopted and farmers’ heavy reliance on insecticides had continued [5]. Insecticides were introduced throughout the Green Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s as prophylactic applications, and farmers have continued this practice till these days. Though cultural strategies, numerous non-chemical strategies [6] plus the integration of out there strategies called Integrated Pest Management (IPM) [7] have already been introduced but most of these haven’t been adopted sustainably by farmers. Insecticide use is a lot more practical and farmers have continue to believe that insecticides are required for increased yields [8]. A evaluation [9] concluded that in tropical rice insecticides aren’t required in most instances. In 2011 FAO adopted the notion that rice production below intensification needs no insecticide use. [10]. Moreover you can find adverse externalitiesPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access Fenpropathrin Biological Activity report distributed below the terms and situations from the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (licenses/by/ four.0/).Agronomy 2021, 11, 2208. ten.3390/agronomymdpi/journal/agronomyAgronomy 2021, 11,2 ofsuch as damages to ecosystem solutions [11], fisheries, wildlife, fauna and flora and human overall health [12]. The destruction of the non-target fauna and ecosystem solutions by insecticides induces the development of a secondary pest, the brown plant hopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens) [13]. Right now the BPH may be the dominant pest in most rice expanding regions. Rice IPM programs have not succeeded in decreasing farmers’ insecticide use insecticide imports have continued to escalate [3]. This assessment will re-visit the implementation of rice IPM inside the region utilizing Indonesia as an instance as IPM was extensively implemented there. Exactly the same IPM plan was also implemented in Vietnam, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, C.