D decentralized paradigm are regarded as the path toward far more sustainable
D decentralized paradigm are regarded because the path toward extra sustainable electricity landscape. This incorporates distributed power sources whose intermittency and uncertainty may trigger concerns for the technique operators. Distribution system operators have an obligation to ensure secure and steady system operation. Hence, they seek by far the most efficient methods to take care of these challenges. Flexibility procurement is deemed as one of several prerequisites for painless and prosperous integration of renewable sources. In addition, distribution-level flexibility markets are modeled and tested to trade flexibility locally, resolve congestion concerns and defer grid expansion. This paper surveys the ongoing study within the field of flexibility markets, its design, open concerns and most promising study projects. The crucial stakeholders are identified, overview on the existing trends within the power method and research initiatives are presented, accompanied together with the dilemmas becoming discussed within the energy Bomedemstat Protocol systems neighborhood. Keywords and phrases: flexibility markets; aggregator; distribution technique operator; congestion; network; demand responseCitation: Badanjak, D.; Pandzi, H. c Distribution-Level Flexibility Markets–A Review of Trends, Study Projects, Crucial Stakeholders and Open Concerns. Energies 2021, 14, 6622. https://doi.org/10.3390/ en14206622 Academic Editor: Surender Reddy Salkuti Received: 1 September 2021 Accepted: 22 September 2021 Published: 14 October1. Introduction and Motivation 1.1. Evolution from the Energy Systems Power systems around the globe have already been evolving since the 1st power systems started operation. Currently, electrical energy requires a crucial share inside the total power consumed. For example, inside the USA, around 40 of the total power consumed is utilized to create electrical energy [1]. Furthermore, the way the electrical energy is produced can also be altering. From large, centralized, fossil-fuel based energy plants [2] towards the accelerated renewable energy sources (RES) and also the distributed paradigm. The standard (old) model consists of generating the electrical energy from centralized energy plants, then transforming the generated alternate-current (AC) to larger voltage and delivering it for the distribution grid using transmission lines. The standard distribution network setup is characterized by the unidirectional energy flow. When, however, ongoing processes lead to bidirectional energy flows [3]. It is actually the mixture of the decentralized power generation and intelligent distribution grids that is certainly deemed as a key for the European Union’s (EU) efforts for accomplishing larger energy efficiency [4]. Beneath the term distributed power resources (DERs) we VBIT-4 web presume electricity-producing resources or controllable loads which might be connected to a local distribution program or connected to a host facility inside the local distribution system [5]. Among others, these contain photovoltaics (PVs), wind power power plants, but in addition energy storage and electric cars [2]. 1.2. Why Is Flexibility Necessary Taking into consideration the past, the present plus the future trends that characterize power systems, one can effortlessly conclude that the path toward the contemporary structure of power program that fits the requires of the 21st century is paved with numerous challenges. HighPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article.